In many of the part of the world’s Country commonly Know the Term ‘DOWERY’. From the centuries this term is known by world , because from the ages it granted by the rulers by the Kings , By the rulers of the nation and possibly it granted by the people for their Reputation in the society . It means it is only the Tradition spread by the rulers to their people on behalf there constructed society or surrounding and people accept it in whole manner depending on there wealth situation and pass it to next generation as it all as they possible. If we take a short glance on this tradition then we will know that how it is going through ages.
Mostly Dowery system or tradition is seen or today also seen in India . Even if there are many restriction of Government or many ban over this tradition but it may be done by the people for there status. Now, we see it in brief, Dowery has been defined as “ by a younger lady prise paid by the parents for getting their daughter the post of daughter-in-law “. Parents pay huge sums of money so that their daughter may secure a satisfactory and permanent post. Unfortunately, the whole affair has assumed the proportions of scandal. The groom’s parents try to extract the maximum from matrimonial alliance. They insist on receiving huge amounts of cash, luxury items like television sets, VCR’s, refrigerators, cars, scooters, and in certain cases even house. There are instances where the proceeding of marriage ceremony has been interrupted to make an unreasonable demand and bride’s parents have been forced to fulfil it for fear of social ostracism. Cases of harassment of young brides and bride burning on account inadequate dowery have multiplied during the some past years. But now a day due to harassment of bride’s many rules are made for stop this process.
Dowery system is ingrained in the social texture of Indian cultural tradition. Tradition countaine a process that giving away a daughter in marriage is called “Kanyadan” . Traditionally, no dan was considered to be valide unless accompanied with “dakshina”. The dowery was to be the dakshina to validate Kanyadan. Kings used to give even parts of their kingdom indowery. Common people gave a dowery consisting of articles of household utility and some cash. Since girl enjoyed no right to the parental property, the system carried some kind of a moral justification also. Poor people have to incur heavy debts to provide their daughter with a handsome dowery. This wrecks them financially. Many times daughter of poor parents consider themselves burden on their family and they either option for a life disgraceful spinsterhood or commit suicide. If a bride is harassed for more dowery, it may breed haterd in her mind for her husband and ruin the married life of the couple.
The supporters of the dowery system give numerous argument to justify it. According to them, it is fine method of setting up an establishment for the newly weds. The second argument, is that since the bride’s parents are quite choosey about the groom’s income , his qualification, his property, why shouldn’t the groom get a price for what he has to offer? In that case I think that marriage is a girls insurance, and so the dowery is the premium. Thirdly, the supporters of this system argue, a girl caring with her respectable dowery feels confident while entering her in-law’s house while a girl without dowry feels uneasy and apprehensive.
But today modern girls are educated and enlightened. In many cases, they are employed and economically independent. it is criminal to think of marriage in terms of their insurance . Marriage brings an equal degree of security to both the partners and not to the bride alone. Finally, a girl can gain confidence only from her innate merits, and not from the dowery, howsoever handsome it might be. Since, dowery is a social evil, no legislation can prove effective unless there is created a suitable climate in the country in which dowery can be boycotted. Only the young people can create such a climate. The old orthodox and they often lack a constructive vision, thy can not expected to do much. But the youth can definitely play a key role in eradicating this evil practice. Young boys should take a pledge that they will neither demand a dowery nor accept it , and young girls should be resolved not to give their consent to marriage with a boy who demands a dowery, If more and more girls are educated and made economically independent, it will accelerate the process. More love-marriages and more inter-caste and inter-provincial marriages should also prove helpful.
Wednesday, May 6, 2009
Sunday, May 3, 2009
Probleme solving Process
Problem solving forms part of thinking. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills . It occurs if an organism or an artificial intelligence system does not know how to proceed from a given state to a desired goal state. It is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping.
Problem solving is of crucial importance in engineering when products or processes fail, so corrective action can be taken to prevent further failures. Perhaps of more value, problem solving can be applied to a product or process prior to an actual fail event ie. a potential problem can be predicted, analyzed and mitigation applied so the problem never actually occurs. Techniques like Failure Mode Effects Analysis can be used to proactively reduce the likelihood of problems occurring. Forensic engineering is an important technique of failure analusis which involves tracing product defects and flaws. Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failures.
''Eight Disciplines Problem Solving'' is a method used to approach and to resolve problems - typically employed by quality engineers or other professionals. Also known as 8D, 8-D Problem Solving, G8D or Global 8D.
8 Disciplines (8Ds) in Problem Solving
D1: Use a Team: Establish a team of people with product/process knowledge.
D2: Define the Problem: Specify the problem by identifying in quantifiable terms the who, what, where, when, why, how and how many (5W2H)for the problem.
D3: Implement and verify Interim Actions: Define and implement containment actions to isolate the problem from any customer.
D4: Identify and Verify Root Causes: Identify all potential causes that could explain why the problem occurred.
D5: Choose and verify Permanent Corrective Actions (PCAs): Through pre-production programs quantitatively confirm that the selected corrective actions will resolve the problem for the customer.
D6: Implement and validate PCAs :Define and Implement the best corrective actions.
D7: Prevent recurrence: Modify the management systems, operation systems, practices and procedures to prevent recurrence of this and all similar problems.
D8: Congratulate your Team : Recognize the collective efforts of the team. The team needs to be formally thanked by the organization.
History
The development of a team oriented problem solving strategy, based on the use of statistical methods of data analysis, was developed at Ford Motor Company. The executives of the Powertrain Organization (transmissions, chassis, engines) wanted a methodology where teams could work on recurring problems. No existing methodology or government standard filled these requirements. Hence, in the summer of 1986, the assignment was given to develop a manual and a subsequent course that would achieve a new approach to solving tough engineering design and manufacturing problems. The manual for this methodology was documented and defined in "Team Oriented Problem Solving"(TOPS) and was first published in the winter of 1987. Several pilots of the course and content where given to a wide range of organizations across Ford Motor company. This approach to problem solving was quickly adopted by all areas within Ford Motor Company and has been the basis for their approach to probems for over 20 years.
8D has become a standard in the Auto, Assembly and other industries that require a thorough structured problem solving process.
The 8D Problem Solving Process is used to identify, correct and eliminate problems.
The methodology is useful in product and process improvement. It establishes a standard practice, with an emphasis on facts. It focuses on the origin of the problem by determining Root Cause.
Usage
Many common disciplines are typically involved in the "8D" process, all of which can be found in various textbooks and reference materials used by [[Quality Assurance]] professionals. For example, an "Is/Is Not" worksheet is a common tool employed at D2, and a "Fishbone Diagram" or "5 Why Analysis" are common tools employed at D4.
The 8D process originally arose out of Ford Motor Company, where it went through several iterations over several decades, including "TOPS" or "Team Oriented Problem Solving". In the late 1990's, Ford developed a revised version of the 8D process, officially titled "Global 8D" (G8D) which is the current global standard for Ford and many other companies in the automotive supply chain. The major revisions to the process are as follows:
Addition of a D0 (D-Zero) step as a gateway to the process. At D0, the team documents the symptoms that initiated the effort along with any Emergency Response Actions (ERAs) that were taken before formal initiation of the G8D. D0 also incorporates standard assessing questions meant to determine whether a full G8D is required. The assessing questions are meant to ensure that in a world of limited problem-solving resources, the efforts required for a full team-based problem-solving effort are limited to those problems that warrant these resources.
Addition of Escape Point to D4 through D6. The idea here is to consider not only the [[Root cause]] of a problem, but equally importantly, what went wrong with the control system in allowing this problem to escape. Global 8D requires the team to identify and verify this Escape Point (defined as the earliest control point in the control system following the Root Cause that should have detected the problem but failed to do so) at D4. Then, through D5 and D6, the process requires the team to choose, verify, implement, and validate Permanent Corrective Actions to address the Escape Point.
Along with these revisions to the process, Ford developed a web-based software package, called Global 8D, to facilitate implementation of this process, standardize reporting, maintain a searchable repository of problem-solving efforts, and enhance team collaboration. Presently, this software is only available within Ford, although plain 8D Software is available to the public from other companies.
Recently, the 8D process has been employed extensively outside the auto industry. As part of Lean initiatives, it is used within Food Manufacturing, High Tech and Health Care industries.
Problem solving is of crucial importance in engineering when products or processes fail, so corrective action can be taken to prevent further failures. Perhaps of more value, problem solving can be applied to a product or process prior to an actual fail event ie. a potential problem can be predicted, analyzed and mitigation applied so the problem never actually occurs. Techniques like Failure Mode Effects Analysis can be used to proactively reduce the likelihood of problems occurring. Forensic engineering is an important technique of failure analusis which involves tracing product defects and flaws. Corrective action can then be taken to prevent further failures.
''Eight Disciplines Problem Solving'' is a method used to approach and to resolve problems - typically employed by quality engineers or other professionals. Also known as 8D, 8-D Problem Solving, G8D or Global 8D.
8 Disciplines (8Ds) in Problem Solving
D1: Use a Team: Establish a team of people with product/process knowledge.
D2: Define the Problem: Specify the problem by identifying in quantifiable terms the who, what, where, when, why, how and how many (5W2H)for the problem.
D3: Implement and verify Interim Actions: Define and implement containment actions to isolate the problem from any customer.
D4: Identify and Verify Root Causes: Identify all potential causes that could explain why the problem occurred.
D5: Choose and verify Permanent Corrective Actions (PCAs): Through pre-production programs quantitatively confirm that the selected corrective actions will resolve the problem for the customer.
D6: Implement and validate PCAs :Define and Implement the best corrective actions.
D7: Prevent recurrence: Modify the management systems, operation systems, practices and procedures to prevent recurrence of this and all similar problems.
D8: Congratulate your Team : Recognize the collective efforts of the team. The team needs to be formally thanked by the organization.
History
The development of a team oriented problem solving strategy, based on the use of statistical methods of data analysis, was developed at Ford Motor Company. The executives of the Powertrain Organization (transmissions, chassis, engines) wanted a methodology where teams could work on recurring problems. No existing methodology or government standard filled these requirements. Hence, in the summer of 1986, the assignment was given to develop a manual and a subsequent course that would achieve a new approach to solving tough engineering design and manufacturing problems. The manual for this methodology was documented and defined in "Team Oriented Problem Solving"(TOPS) and was first published in the winter of 1987. Several pilots of the course and content where given to a wide range of organizations across Ford Motor company. This approach to problem solving was quickly adopted by all areas within Ford Motor Company and has been the basis for their approach to probems for over 20 years.
8D has become a standard in the Auto, Assembly and other industries that require a thorough structured problem solving process.
The 8D Problem Solving Process is used to identify, correct and eliminate problems.
The methodology is useful in product and process improvement. It establishes a standard practice, with an emphasis on facts. It focuses on the origin of the problem by determining Root Cause.
Usage
Many common disciplines are typically involved in the "8D" process, all of which can be found in various textbooks and reference materials used by [[Quality Assurance]] professionals. For example, an "Is/Is Not" worksheet is a common tool employed at D2, and a "Fishbone Diagram" or "5 Why Analysis" are common tools employed at D4.
The 8D process originally arose out of Ford Motor Company, where it went through several iterations over several decades, including "TOPS" or "Team Oriented Problem Solving". In the late 1990's, Ford developed a revised version of the 8D process, officially titled "Global 8D" (G8D) which is the current global standard for Ford and many other companies in the automotive supply chain. The major revisions to the process are as follows:
Addition of a D0 (D-Zero) step as a gateway to the process. At D0, the team documents the symptoms that initiated the effort along with any Emergency Response Actions (ERAs) that were taken before formal initiation of the G8D. D0 also incorporates standard assessing questions meant to determine whether a full G8D is required. The assessing questions are meant to ensure that in a world of limited problem-solving resources, the efforts required for a full team-based problem-solving effort are limited to those problems that warrant these resources.
Addition of Escape Point to D4 through D6. The idea here is to consider not only the [[Root cause]] of a problem, but equally importantly, what went wrong with the control system in allowing this problem to escape. Global 8D requires the team to identify and verify this Escape Point (defined as the earliest control point in the control system following the Root Cause that should have detected the problem but failed to do so) at D4. Then, through D5 and D6, the process requires the team to choose, verify, implement, and validate Permanent Corrective Actions to address the Escape Point.
Along with these revisions to the process, Ford developed a web-based software package, called Global 8D, to facilitate implementation of this process, standardize reporting, maintain a searchable repository of problem-solving efforts, and enhance team collaboration. Presently, this software is only available within Ford, although plain 8D Software is available to the public from other companies.
Recently, the 8D process has been employed extensively outside the auto industry. As part of Lean initiatives, it is used within Food Manufacturing, High Tech and Health Care industries.
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